高中语法情态动词

情态动词

情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：

（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式

（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式

（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法

一、情态动词+行为动词完成式

情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。

1. must have v-ed

must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如：

1）Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.

2）You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.

2. could have v-ed

could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如：

1）“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”

2）“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.”

3.may / might have v-ed

may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如：

I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.

4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed

ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：

1）With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.

2）You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.

5. needn’t have v-ed

needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：

You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.

注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如：

“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”

“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.”

二、情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：

1）He must be playing basketball in the room.

2）She may be staying at home.

三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：

1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.

2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.

四、某些情态动词的特殊用法

1. need

考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别，对此，可参见表1.need 作情态动词时，后面跟不带to 的动词不定式，即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中，表示询问是否有“必要”，其否定形式为needn’t，表示“不必”；疑问形式为 Need … do? 极少用于肯定句。例如：

1）I don’t think we need turn the light on at that time.

2）Need you ride a bike to school?

情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。

2. dare

考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。

情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。

3. can 和 may

考试中主要测试can，may或could，might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。

时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need

现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do

在

时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do

过 You needed (didn’t need) to do

去

时 He needed (didn’t need) to do

将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do

来

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型 时态 动词

情态动词dare 实义动词 dare

肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do

过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do

否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do

过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do

疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?

过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do

（1）can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如：

1）According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.

2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.

（2）May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如：

“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”

4. can 和 be able to

can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力，但两者在用法上有点差异：can (could)表示主观能力，不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿，强调要克服困难去做某事。例如：

1）My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses.

2）He is able to give up his bad habits.

5. must 和 have to

must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别：

（1）must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”，而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。

（2）have to可用于多种时态，而must一般用于现在时，其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。

（3）在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或don’t have to，因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如：

1）You must come to the classroom before eight.

2）It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.

3）“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.”

6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v

（1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。

（2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：

1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.

2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.

3）The knife is used to cut bread.

7．用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：

1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.

3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.

4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.

注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：

1）I would rather you came on Sunday.

2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.

非谓语动词

语法讲座

非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，学生常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。我们先来看看非谓语动词的各种变化形式。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。

一、分析句子结构

1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it .

2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it .

A. Having been told . B. Told

C. He was told D. Though he had been told

3. ________to the left , you'll find the post office .

4. If you ________to the left , you'll find the post office .

5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .

A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned

分析：句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子成分，故选C。

句2. 句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。

句3. 同句2，选A 。

句4. 前面用if 引导从句，故选C ，构成从句谓语。

句5. 同句1，选C。

二、分析逻辑主语

确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。

1. ________no buses , we have to walk home .

A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being

2. ______Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home .

分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“there”，故选A 。

句2. 同理选D。

三、分析语态

分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。

1. ______from space , the earth looks blue .

2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue .

A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See

这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

分析：句1. “地球”被“看起来”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。

句2. 我们“主动看……”即表主动，故选B。

3. The dirty clothes ______ , the girl hung them up outside .

4. ______ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside .

A. was washed B. washed C.were washed D.having washed

分析：句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语，逻辑主语是“the dirty clothes”，和动词搭配表示“衣服被洗”，故选B。

句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语“the girl”，表示“女孩洗衣服”，为主动关系，故选D。

四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。

1. The building ______now will be a restaurant .

2. The building ______next year will be a restaurant .

3. The building ______last year is a restaurant.

A. having been built B.to be built

C.being built D. built

句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。

句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。

句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。

又如：

1. He stood there______for his mother .

2. ______for two hours , he went away .

A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D.Having waited

句1表示“站在那等”，两个动词同时发生，故选A作伴随状语。

句2表示已经等了两个小时，发生在谓语动词“went away ”之前，故用完成式，选D 。

需要注意的是，非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目，要认清否定形式，非谓语动词的否定都应将not 放在前面。

如：

What is the reason for ______there ?

A. not your going B. not your go

C. your not going D. you not to go

巩固练习:

1. ______won't be of much help .(A)

A .Tom's going B. Tom going C. Tom to go D. Tom goes

2. They managed _____the meeting room before the guests arrived. (C)

A. finishing to clean B. finishing cleaning

C. to finish cleaning D. to finish to clean

3. We must find a room big enough _____.(B)

A. for all of us to live B. for all of us to live in

C. to live in all of us D. of all of us to live

4. _____a teacher , I should set a good example to students . (A)

A. Being B. Having been C. To be D. As I being

5. _____a teacher ,one must first be their pupil . (C)

A. Being B. Having been

C. To be D. To have been

6. It was stupid _____ your advice. (C)

A. for me not to take B. for me not taking

C. of me not to take D. of me not taking

7. The teacher told him to speak louder _____by , everybody. (A)

A. so as to be heard B. so as to hear

C. in order that heard D. in order to hear

8. They suggested _____ the sports meet till next Tuesday. (B)

A. us to put off B. our putting off

C. us of putting off D. our put off

9. The doctor gave me some medicine , _____ three times a day before meals. (C)

A. to take B. to be taking C. to be taken D. I took it

10. Thanking them for their kindness , he said that the old lady really appreciated _____by them. (D)

A. visiting B. visited

C. to be visited D. being visited

11. _____made her parents very angry . (B)

A. Jane's engaging Black B. Jane's being engaged to Black

C. Jane having engaged to Black D. Jane has engaged to Black

12. Don't you think it any good_____in public places? (B)

A. forbidding smoking B. to forbid smoking

C. to forbid to smoke D. forbidding to smoke

13. China is a _____ country and we should introduce _____ science and technology from the _____ countries. (B)

A. developed; advanced; developed B. developing;advanced;developed

C. developing;advancing;developing D. developed; advancing ; developing

14. _____, the work can be done much better . (C)

A. Given more time B.We had been given more time

C. More time given D. If more time had given

15. _____from space , the earth , with water _____seventy percent of its surface , looks like a "blue ball". (D)

A. Seen ; covered B. Seeing ; covering

C. Seeing; covered D. Seen; covering

16. People always shake hands with each other when _____. (C)

A. to introduce B. introduce C. introduced D. introducing

17. _____, tears ran down her pale face. (A)

A. No word said B. Say no word

C. Not saying a word D. Without saying a word

18. Tigers _____ meat -eating animals , _____meat . (A)

A. belonged to ;fed on B. belonging to ; feed on

C. were belonged to ; feed on D. belonging to ; feeding on

19. We must take measures to prevent our earth _____. (C)

A. to be polluted B. from polluting

C. from being polluted D. from polluted

20. As the stone was too heavy to move , I left it _____ on the ground . (C)

A. laying B. lay C. lying D. lai

我这个什么都包括，自己去看，大哥给点悬赏吧

全国英语一级考试语法知识点如下：

一、情态动词

情态动词不能独立谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。用法列举如下：

1、can

体力和脑力方面的“能力”或根据客观条件能做某事的能力。例如：He could swim when he was seven.

在口语中can可以代替may表示“允许”。例如：Can I use your bike?

在否定句和疑问句中can有时表示说话人的怀疑、猜测或不肯定。例如：This book can’t be hers.

2、may

表示允许、许可或请求。例如：You may go.

表示推测和对可能性的判断。例如：They may go to Beijing next week.

否定式may not意为：也许不，可能不。例如：Mr.Jack may not be at home now.

以may开头的一般疑问句，肯定句用：Yes….may，否定句则用：N0….call’t或mustn’t，表示“不应该，不许可”的意思。

3、must

表示必要、，必须。例如：You must be careful !

表示帷测，可能性很大，“一定，必定”的意思。例如：Mr.Liu must be at work.

表示“禁止”，“绝对不许做某事”用mustn’t。加强语气时用must riever。例如：

You must riot play football on the road.

回答must开头的问句时，肯定式用must，否定式用needn’t，不用mustn’t。

二、冠词

冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。以下是两种冠词的用法：

1、不定冠词

用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。例如：Pass me an apple，please.

指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：We work five days a week.

2、定冠词

特指某些人或某些事物。例如：Is this the ship to Wuhan?

指双方都知道的人或事物。例如：Close the window，please.

三、数词

1、表示钟点

整点用一个数字后常加o’clock。例如：6：00读six或读six o’clock.

几点几分，分钟在半小时以内，中间用介词past先说分钟，后说点钟。例如：6：15读a quaner past six

几点差几分，分钟在半小时以上，中间用介词to。例如：6：45七点差一刻读a quarter to seven.

2、表示编号

可以用基数词表示顺序。例如：Row 1，the No.2 Bus.

3、表示年、月、日

年代用基数词，在某年用介词in，分两段读写。例如：在1905年in1905读nineteen and five.

在某年某月也用in。例如：在5月in May.

在某年某月某日皆用on。例如：在2013年4月30日on April 30，2013.

扩展资料：

全国英语一级考试（PETS）注意事项：

1、报名时，考生通过填写“报名卡”或以其他形式向报考点上报相关个人信息，并按照规定完成各项手续，根据报考点提供的时间和地点领取“准考证”和“考试通知单”，认真检查相关证件上的个人信息是否准确。

2、在开考的前一天，参考人员最好提前到“考试通知单”上安排的考点熟悉考场。

3、开考前，考生应提前准备好考试专用的黑色签字笔和2B铅笔。

4、考试过程中，考生要严格遵守“考生守则”、听从监考人员的安排，若有违反，考试成绩将会被取消。

5、PETS 1B至PETS 4等五个级别的考试具体报名地点由当地省、市、自治区、直辖市的教育考试院或教育考试机构决定，这五个级别以上的考试具体报名地点在全国各WSK考点。

6、PETS考试是不受地域限制的，考生可以跨省跨地区参加考试。

7、考生要注意时间，严格按照规定时间参加考试。笔试从上午8:30开始进入考场，上午8:45之后不得入场。口语考试分上午下午两堂。上午的考试从上午8:30开始进入考场，9：00后不得入场，下午的考试从下午13:30开始进入考场，下午14:00后不得入场。

8、进入考场时，考生要持“准考证”、“考试通知单”、“身份证”（公安户籍部门开具的临时身份证件、能够证明考生身份的证明亦可）或者护照、港澳台地区的居民身份证等有效证件，三证齐全方可参加考试。